Thrush (Yeast Infection)

Key Points

Overview

Thrush is a common yeast infection caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called candida, which is normally harmless. It often develops when the natural balance of bacteria in the body changes, creating warm, moist conditions where the fungus can thrive. While it is not a sexually transmitted infection, it can sometimes be triggered or passed on during sex. Thrush commonly affects the genital areas in both men and women, leading to uncomfortable symptoms like itching, irritation, and unusual discharge. It can also appear in other skin folds, such as the armpits or groin. Though generally harmless, it can be bothersome and may recur. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, available as tablets, vaginal pessaries, or creams. These treatments usually clear the infection within 7 to 14 days. For recurring thrush, longer treatment courses or identifying underlying causes may be necessary.

Signs and Symptoms

• White discharge, often like cottage cheese
• Itching and irritation around affected areas
• Soreness and stinging during sex or urination (women)
• Burning and redness on penis head or under foreskin (men)
• Unpleasant smell (men)
• Difficulty pulling back foreskin (men)
• Red, itchy, or painful rash that may scale (other body areas)

Things That Increase the Risk

• Irritated or damaged skin
• Taking antibiotics
• Poorly controlled diabetes
• Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy)
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
• Pregnancy
• Warm, moist conditions

Diagnosis

• Discussion of symptoms with a doctor
• Physical examination of the affected area
• Swab of discharge to test for fungi or other infections
• Rule out other potential causes of symptoms

Treatment & Management

• Antifungal tablets (oral)
• Antifungal vaginal pessaries (for women)
• Antifungal creams to relieve irritation
• Longer treatment courses for recurring thrush
• Partners treated only if they have symptoms
• Consult a pharmacist for over-the-counter options

Prevention

• Use water and emollient instead of soap for washing
• Ensure skin is thoroughly dry after washing
• Wear cotton underwear
• Avoid tight underwear or tights
• Do not use douches or deodorants on genital areas
• Avoid sex if it causes discomfort during an active infection

Related Diseases

• Candidiasis
• Diabetes Mellitus
• HIV/AIDS
• Balanitis
• Vulvovaginitis

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Thrush (Yeast Infection):