Multiple sclerosis

Key Points

Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the brain and spinal cord. This attack damages the protective covering of nerve fibers, disrupting communication between the brain and the rest of the body. The exact cause of this immune system malfunction is not fully understood. MS symptoms can come and go, or slowly worsen over time, affecting movement, vision, balance, and other bodily functions. There are different types of MS, including relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, and primary progressive, each with a distinct pattern of symptom progression. While there is currently no cure for MS, various treatments are available to help slow the disease's progression, manage specific symptoms, and improve a person's quality of life. Management often involves a team of healthcare professionals tailored to individual needs.

Signs and Symptoms

• Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
• Blurred vision or eye pain
• Numbness or tingling sensations
• Dizziness or feeling clumsy
• Muscle cramps, spasms, and stiffness
• Frequent urination or bladder control issues
• Problems with memory or concentration
• Sexual problems like vaginal dryness or erection issues

Things That Increase the Risk

• Being aged 20 to 50
• Being a woman (more common in women)
• Having a close family member with MS
• Smoking
• Previous Epstein-Barr virus infection (e.g., glandular fever)

Diagnosis

• Referral to a brain and nerve specialist (neurologist)
• Assessment of symptoms and medical history
• Physical checks of movement, coordination, vision, balance
• Blood tests to rule out other conditions
• MRI scan of the brain or spinal cord
• Lumbar puncture (spinal fluid test)
• Nerve message speed tests using sensors

Treatment & Management

• Steroid medicine to reduce inflammation
• Disease-modifying therapies to reduce relapses
• Muscle relaxant medicine for spasms and stiffness
• Medication for pain, vision problems, and other symptoms
• Physiotherapy for movement and muscle pain
• Mobility equipment and home adaptations
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety or fatigue
• Cognitive rehabilitation for memory and concentration

Prevention

• Avoid smoking to reduce risk
• Seek early medical advice for new or worsening symptoms
• Regular health check-ups and monitoring
• Manage overall health and lifestyle factors

Related Diseases

• Stroke
• Glandular Fever
• Optic Neuritis
• Transverse Myelitis

Available Treatments

Explore our range of treatment options for Multiple sclerosis: