Breast Cancer

Key Points

Overview

Breast cancer commonly affects:

Breast cancer develops when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably, most commonly starting in the milk ducts or lobules. It can spread to nearby lymph nodes and, if untreated, to other parts of the body. Advances in screening and treatment have significantly improved survival rates, especially when the cancer is detected at an early stage.

• Milk ducts
• Lobules (milk-producing glands)
• Nearby lymph nodes

Signs and Symptoms3.

People with breast cancer may experience:

• A new lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
• Changes in breast size, shape, or contour
• Skin dimpling or puckering over the breast
• Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood-tinged discharge
• Nipple that turns inward or changes position
• Persistent breast or nipple pain

Things That Increase the Risk

Factors that can increase the risk of breast cancer include:

• Increasing age
• Family history of breast or ovarian cancer
• Inherited gene mutations such as BRCA1/BRCA2
• Early menstruation or late menopause
• Never having children or having children later in life
• Obesity and limited physical activity

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Clinical breast examination
• Mammogram
• Breast ultrasound
• Biopsy for tissue sampling
• MRI in select cases for further evaluation

Treatment & Management

• Attend all follow-up and screening appointments
• Maintain a balanced diet and regular activity
• Seek emotional support or counseling
• Track and report any new symptoms promptly

• Surgery to remove the tumor or breast tissue
• Radiation therapy to target remaining cancer cells
• Chemotherapy for systemic treatment
• Hormone or targeted therapy based on tumor biology

Prevention

Steps that may help reduce risk include:

While not all breast cancer can be prevented, certain habits and regular screening can help reduce risk and support early detection.

• Regular mammograms and self-exams
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Staying physically active
• Discussing genetic testing if there's a strong family history

Related Conditions

You might also want to learn about:

• Ovarian Cancer
• Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
• Fibrocystic Breast Changes
• Lymphedema